Wood Properties
- Physical Characteristics Density range: 20-60 lbs/ft³. Moisture content: 15-45%. Fiber saturation: 25-30%. Specific gravity: 0.3-0.9. Hardness: 300-4000 lbf.
- Mechanical Properties Splitting resistance: 500-2000 lbf. Shear strength: 1000-2000 psi. Compression ∥: 3000-8000 psi. Elastic modulus: 1.0-2.0×10⁶ psi.
- Thermal Values Heat content: 14-28 MBTU/cord. Combustion efficiency: 60-80%. Ash content: 0.5-3.0%. Smoke point: 350-450°F. Ignition temp: 500-700°F.
Production Metrics
- Processing Rates Manual splitting: 0.25-0.5 cord/hr. Hydraulic: 1-2 cord/hr. Chainsaw cutting: 2-4 trees/hr. Stacking: 0.5-1.0 cord/hr.
- Equipment Performance Splitter force: 20-30 tons. Cycle time: 8-15 sec. Engine power: 5-12 hp. Fuel consumption: 0.5-1.0 gal/hr. Maintenance interval: 50 hrs.
- Quality Standards Length tolerance: ±1". Diameter range: 3-8". Split face: 16-64 in². Moisture target: 15-20%. Defect allowance: <10%.
Species Analysis
- Hardwoods Oak: 24-28 MBTU/cord. Maple: 21-24 MBTU/cord. Hickory: 25-29 MBTU/cord. Ash: 20-24 MBTU/cord. Beech: 22-26 MBTU/cord.
- Softwoods Pine: 14-17 MBTU/cord. Cedar: 13-16 MBTU/cord. Spruce: 15-18 MBTU/cord. Fir: 16-19 MBTU/cord. Hemlock: 12-15 MBTU/cord.
- Seasoning Times Hardwoods: 12-18 months. Softwoods: 6-12 months. Optimal storage: 12-24 months. Drying rate: 2-4%/month. Stack turnover: 1-2×/year.
Safety Standards
- Personal Protection Impact rating: Z87+. Hearing protection: NRR 25+. Steel toe rating: ASTM F2413-18. Cut resistance: Level A4. Vibration dampening: ISO 10819.
- Work Zone Setup Clear radius: 20-30 ft. Log storage: 100-200 ft². Processing area: 400-600 ft². Emergency access: 12 ft wide. Slope limit: 15%.
- Risk Management Rest intervals: 10 min/hr. Max lift weight: 50 lbs. Temperature limits: 20-95°F. First aid: ANSI Z308.1. Emergency response: <15 min.