Material Engineering
- Brick Properties Compressive strength: 8,000-12,000 psi. Water absorption: <5%. Freeze-thaw cycles: >50. Abrasion index: <0.11. Breaking load: >1,000 lbs.
- Surface Characteristics Slip resistance: >0.6 COF. Texture depth: 0.5-2.0 mm. Surface regularity: ±2 mm. Chamfer angle: 45°. Edge straightness: ±1 mm.
- Dimensional Standards Size tolerance: ±2 mm. Warpage: <1%. Aspect ratio: 2.5-4.0. Edge damage: <10%. Dimensional stability: ±0.15%.
Structural Design
- Load Distribution Vehicle load: H-20 rating. Point load: 400-600 psi. Dynamic load: 1.3× static. Edge restraint: 1,200 lbs/ft. Interlock strength: 250-350 psi.
- Base Requirements Subbase CBR: >20%. Base depth: 4-12". Compaction: 95-98% SPD. Gradation: ASTM D2940. Permeability: 10⁻³-10⁻⁵ cm/s.
- Joint Design Width: 2-4 mm. Sand size: ASTM C144. Joint depth: 25-30 mm. Compaction ratio: 1.2-1.4. Void ratio: 0.3-0.4.
Installation Standards
- Layout Parameters Pattern bond: 90° herringbone. Edge distance: 1/8-1/4". Slope: 1-2%. Cross fall: 1.5-2.5%. Surface tolerance: ±3/8" in 10'.
- Bedding Requirements Sand depth: 1-1.5". Gradation: ASTM C33. Moisture content: 4-8%. Layer uniformity: ±1/4". Compacted thickness: 85-90%.
- Quality Control Surface regularity: ±1/4" in 10'. Joint filling: 100%. Edge restraint: continuous. Compaction passes: 3-4. Moisture protection: 24-48 hrs.
Performance Metrics
- Durability Factors Service life: 20-30 years. Weathering index: Grade 1-2. Salt resistance: >50 cycles. UV stability: Class A. Chemical resistance: pH 5-9.
- Maintenance Requirements Cleaning frequency: annual. Joint refill: 2-3 years. Surface sealing: 3-5 years. Brick replacement: <2%/year. Inspection: semi-annual.
- Environmental Impact Solar reflectance: 0.3-0.5. Permeability: 5-15 in/hr. Heat capacity: 0.2-0.3 BTU/lb·°F. Noise reduction: 2-4 dB. Carbon footprint: 0.1-0.2 kg CO₂/ft².